Beneficios del rol de enfermería en salud escolar, implementación a nivel internacional. Revisión sistemática / Benefits of the nursing role in school health, implementation at international level. Systematic review

La salud escolar en Chile se desarrolla a nivel de la Atención Primaria en salud a cargo de los profesionales de enfermería, quienes por su rol deben velar por el bienestar integral de la comunidad escolar, fortaleciendo conductas de autocuidado y hábitos saludables a través de la promoción y prevención e investigación en salud. OBJETIVO: Analizar los beneficios del rol de enfermería en salud escolar desde el punto de vista político y social en países en que ha sido legalmente implementada a nivel internacional. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica en bases de datos (Scielo, Pubmed, Scopus, Sciencedirect, Oxford, Web of Science). Se utilizó el flujograma PRISMA. La calidad metodológica consideró los criterios de alto, medio y bajo cumplimiento de 46 indicadores de una pauta de lectura crítica. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 32 artículos en los últimos 5 años. Las líneas temáticas encontradas fueron las políticas públicas en salud escolar, destacando países como EEUU, España y México con regulación sobre la Enfermera escolar, en cambio en Latinoamérica, existe una regulación parcial o carencia como en Chile. Las competencias y acciones del profesional de enfermería en establecimientos educacionales tienen como prioridad la promoción de la salud y la educación a la comunidad escolar. Se evidencia que las consultas que atiende la enfermera escolar son de urgencia y son variables según la zona geográfica. CONCLUSIONES: La implementación legal del rol de enfermería escolar ofrece ventajas significativas para la mejora del sistema sanitario del país, incrementando la calidad asistencial y mejorando el acceso a salud.

Chilean school health is developed at the level of Primary Health Care in charge of nursing professionals, who for their role must ensure the comprehensive well-being of the school community, strengthening self-care behaviors and healthy habits through promotion and prevention and health research. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the benefits of the nursing role in school health from the political and social point of view in countries where it has been legally implemented internationally. METHODS: A systematic review of the scientific literature in databases (Scielo, Pubmed, Scopus, Sciencedirect, Oxford, Web of Science) was carried out. The PRISMA flow chart was used. The methodological quality considered the criteria of high, medium and low compliance with 46 indicators of a critical reading pattern. RESULTS: 32 articles were identified in the last 5 years. The thematic lines found were public policies in school health, highlighting countries such as the US, Spain and Mexico with regulations on school nurses, on the other hand in Latin America, there is a partial regulation or lack as in Chile. The competences and actions of the nursing professional in educational establishments have as a priority the promotion of health and education to the school community. It is evident that the consultations attended by the school nurse are urgent and vary according to the geographical area. CONCLUSIONS: The legal implementation of the role of school nursing offers significant advantages for the improvement of the country's health system, increasing the quality of care and improving access to health.

[Intercultural skills in primary health care: a challenge for higher education in contexts of cultural diversity]. / Competencias interculturales en la atención primaria de salud: un desafío para la educación superior frente a contextos de diversidad cultural.

Contemporary society is marked by four interconnected phenomena leading to the need to develop intercultural skills in the framework of primary care: migratory movements, different ethnic groups, cultural diversity, and social and cultural construction of the Western medical system. The multicultural reality of the contexts in which primary care is practiced requires integrative theoretical models that allow understanding this reality in order to provide timely, high-quality care that is pertinent to the respective communities, considering the existing diversity. It is thus necessary to implement and teach intercultural skills for health care teams and students, allowing to sustain such care from a holistic perspective. Educational interventions in intercultural skills should be conducted from a comprehensive, integrative, and cross-disciplinary perspective that allows intervening in attitudes, feelings, social behaviors, and cultural agendas at the individual, institutional, and social levels. The current essay aims to reflect on the importance of learning and developing such skills in primary care teams, meanwhile producing a list of strategies that allow acquiring these skills in basic training, with the understanding that skills are the result of experiences and can change during the process.

Competencias interculturales en la atención primaria de salud: un desafío para la educación superior frente a contextos de diversidad cultural / Intercultural skills in primary health care: a challenge for higher education in contexts of cultural diversity / Competências interculturais na atenção primaria à saúde: um desafio para a educação superior frente a contextos de diversidade cultural

Resumen: En la sociedad actual están presentes cuatro fenómenos articulados que determinan la necesidad de desarrollar competencias interculturales en el ámbito de la atención primaria de salud: los movimientos migratorios, las diferentes etnias, la diversidad cultural y la construcción social y cultural del sistema médico occidental. La realidad multicultural de los contextos en que se ejerce la atención sanitaria exige incorporar modelos teóricos integradores que permitan comprenderla para brindar una atención en salud oportuna, de calidad y pertinente a las comunidades a quienes dirige sus acciones, considerando la diversidad existente. En este sentido, resulta necesario el despliegue y la enseñanza de competencias interculturales en los equipos y estudiantes del área de salud, que permitan sustentar la atención y los cuidados desde una perspectiva holística. La intervención educativa en competencia intercultural debe realizarse desde un enfoque global, integrador y transdisciplinario, que permita intervenir desde las actitudes, los sentimientos, las conductas sociales y las pautas culturales a nivel individual, institucional y social. El presente ensayo tiene como propósito reflexionar acerca de la importancia del aprendizaje y desarrollo de dichas competencias en los equipos de salud de atención primaria y enumerar un listado de estrategias con las que es posible adquirirlas en los procesos formativos previos, entendiendo que las competencias son producto de las experiencias y se pueden transformar como resultado de un proceso.

Abstract: Contemporary society is marked by four interconnected phenomena leading to the need to develop intercultural skills in the framework of primary care: migratory movements, different ethnic groups, cultural diversity, and social and cultural construction of the Western medical system. The multicultural reality of the contexts in which primary care is practiced requires integrative theoretical models that allow understanding this reality in order to provide timely, high-quality care that is pertinent to the respective communities, considering the existing diversity. It is thus necessary to implement and teach intercultural skills for health care teams and students, allowing to sustain such care from a holistic perspective. Educational interventions in intercultural skills should be conducted from a comprehensive, integrative, and cross-disciplinary perspective that allows intervening in attitudes, feelings, social behaviors, and cultural agendas at the individual, institutional, and social levels. The current essay aims to reflect on the importance of learning and developing such skills in primary care teams, meanwhile producing a list of strategies that allow acquiring these skills in basic training, with the understanding that skills are the result of experiences and can change during the process.

Resumo: Na sociedade atual estão presentes quatro fenômenos articulados que determinam a necessidade de desenvolver competências interculturais no âmbito da atenção primaria à saúde: os movimentos migratórios, as diferentes etnias, a diversidade cultural e a construção social e cultural do sistema médico ocidental. A realidade multicultural dos contextos nos quais é executada a atenção sanitária exige incorporar modelos teóricos integradores que permitam entendê-la para poder oferecer uma atenção oportuna na saúde, para que seja de qualidade e pertinente para as comunidades a quem estão focadas suas ações, levando em consideração a diversidade existente. Neste sentido, é necessária a implantação e o ensino de competências interculturais nas equipes e estudantes da área de saúde, que permitam sustentar a atenção e os cuidados desde uma perspectiva holística. A intervenção educativa em competência intercultural deve ser realizada desde um enfoque global, integrador e transdisciplinar, que permita intervir desde as atitudes, os sentimentos, as condutas sociais e as pautas culturais ao nível individual, institucional e social. O presente ensaio tem como propósito reflexionar sobre a importância da aprendizagem e desenvolvimento de ditas competências nas equipes de saúde de atenção primaria e enumerar uma listagem de estratégias com as quais é possível adquiri-las nos processos formativos prévios, entendendo que as competências são fruto das experiências e podem ser transformadas em resultado de um processo.

Cambio climático y salud pública: acciones desde la institucionalidad en el escenario sociocultural actual / Climate Change and Public Health: Actions from Institutions in the Current Social-Culture Scene

Objetivo: Analizar el vínculo entre el cambio climático y la salud de las personas, reflexionando en torno a los desafíos que representa tanto para la atención primaria en salud pública cómo para los profesionales de la salud. Método: Este ensayo se organiza en tres momentos: En el primero, se describe brevemente la epistemología del medio ambiente como objeto de estudio. El segundo momento señala la influencia del desarrollo y crecimiento económico sobre los cambios ambientales, se reflexiona acerca de la vulnerabilidad de la población frente al cambio climático. Se analizan los efectos y consecuencias del cambio climático en la salud de las personas. Finalmente se exponen las acciones a nivel de la condicionante de la salud medio ambiental propuesta para la salud pública. Conclusión: El empoderamiento de las personas por parte de los profesionales de la salud resulta significativo al momento de movilizar capital social para el desarrollo de programas y políticas públicas en salud y medio ambiente.

Objective: To analyze the link between climate change and people’s health, reflecting on the challenges it poses for both primary care in public health as well as for health professionals. Method: The essay is divided in three stages: The first briefly describes environmental epistemology as an object of study. The second refers to the influence of economic growth and development on environmental change, reflecting on the population’s vulnerability to climate change. The effects and consequences of climate change on the health of people are analyzed. Finally, suggested actions towards conditions of environmental health proposed for public health are exposed. Conclusion: People`s empowerment by health professionals is significant when building social capital for the development of health and environmental public policies and programs.